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With each gust of wind came a wave of body odour, the stench of two-dozen men wafting through the small hatch of the prison cell’s heavy iron door. Inside, gaunt prisoners clad in brown jumpsuits sat on thin gray mattresses.
Six years have passed since the end of the so-called caliphate of the Islamic State, but to the 4,500 men held inside Panorama prison in north-east Syria, little has changed since their initial capture.
“There’s a war going on, right?” Muhammad Saqib Raza, a 45-year-old British-Pakistani doctor accused of being an IS fighter, asked Guardian reporters during a visit to the desert facility in early February. He confessed he knew “nothing” of what was going on in the outside world, though he had learned from a visiting human rights worker that Donald Trump was now the US president.
Detainees had no idea that Bashar al-Assad no longer ruled Syria – a fact the prison administration asked reporters not to share, for fear it would stir trouble within the prison.
Guns, mobile phones and information were considered contraband within the four buildings that housed mostly non-Syrian men accused of fighting for IS. Guards carried clubs and wore balaclavas to conceal their identities from the prisoners, fearful that their families could face retribution in the case of a prison break.
Outside the heavily fortified prison walls, the world has seemingly tried to forget that thousands of suspected IS fighters are still languishing in detention. But experts warn IS has not forgotten about them.
IS ‘slowly rebuilding itself’
The presence of US troops in Syria, which joined Kurdish-led forces to defeat IS in 2014, is in question. Governments such as the UK, Australia and France have mostly chosen to ignore the problem, stripping the alleged fighters of citizenship and declining to repatriate their nationals.
After the fall of the Assad regime on 8 December, however, the world may no longer be able to ignore the remnants of IS.
Kurdish officials have sounded the alarm, warning that the IS threat is greater than ever as the extremist group exploits the security vacuum left from the Syrian regime’s collapse. IS activity has surged in northern Syria and sleeper cells, which for years lay low in the Syrian desert, have once again mobilised.
“When Assad fell, IS took lots of new territory and regime weaponry. IS is slowly rebuilding itself and one of its key goals will be the prison,” the director of Panorama prison said, asking for his name not to be shared for fear of being targeted by members of the radical group.
Kurdish authorities hold up to 65,000 – 42,000 of which are foreign – suspected IS fighters and their relatives in prisons and camps across the autonomous region they rule in north-east Syria.
Rights groups have consistently called on countries to bring their foreign nationals being held in north-east Syria back home. Human Rights Watch has said that the detention of foreign nationals is “unlawful” and that Kurdish-led authorities are holding them in “life-threatening conditions”.
Kurdish officials fear the group will take advantage of Syria’s current security vacuum to attack the detention facilities and try to spring their alleged peers free.
The prison director’s office overlooks the old prison facility, the site of a 2022 attack on the prison when IS sleeper cells attacked from the outside while prisoners took guards hostage on the inside.
During the 10-day-long attack hundreds of IS prisoners escaped and almost 500 people were killed. The broken facade of the old facility now looms over the newly built Panorama prison, the jagged holes carved out from missiles a reminder not to grow complacent.
“Their faith in IS has gotten stronger in prison. The organisation is alive in prison. For now, it’s dormant, but if we open the doors, it will come back to life,” the prison director said.
Prisoners inside Panorama denied any connection to IS ideology. Many claimed never to have been part of the group at all.
Raza, a maxillofacial surgeon who worked with the NHS in Leicester, claimed to have been exploring real estate prospects in Turkey when he was offered work at a hospital in Syria in an opportunity he described as “good for the resume”. Once in Syria, he said he was kidnapped, thrown into a van and sold to IS, where he worked as a doctor.
He further claimed that whatever IS sympathies his fellow prisoners once had, were gone.
“I’ve never found anything unusual with these guys. What I see here [in prison], I don’t see anybody who could be a threat,” he said from behind bars in his cell as his fellow inmates looked on. The British government declined to repatriate Raza, as it did in many cases where its citizens had a second nationality.
The UK has provided at least £15.8m in funding to expand the Panorama facility, which houses an unknown number of UK nationals who have either been stripped of citizenship or the Home Office has declined to repatriate.
Some prisoners were open about their former involvement with IS. Mustafa Hajj-Obeid, a 41-year-old Australian national who was discovered in Panorama prison alive by the Guardian after publicly thought to have been missing since 2019, broke down in tears when he spoke about being a member of the group.
“I tried to get out a few times, a number of times … My wife in the camp, I love her very much and I ask her to forgive me for what I put her through and what I put my family through,” Hajj-Obeid said.
None of the prisoners in north-east Syria’s detention centres have been formally charged with any crimes, nor have they undergone any sort of trial. The Kurdish authority, unrecognised by Damascus or other states, has been unable to try the thousands of suspected fighters it holds.
Unless they are repatriated by their home countries, foreign men suspected of fighting with IS appear to be detained in perpetuity, with essentially no communication with the outside world.
Prisoners who spoke to the Guardian alleged mistreatment at the hands of Kurdish authorities, saying water was cut off deliberately as a punitive measure, speaking briefly in hushed tones in the presence of prison guards.
There have been at least two tuberculosis outbreaks in the prison that have left detainees emaciated. In 2024, Amnesty International documented physical torture at the hands of prison guards.
The prison director said guards did not hit detainees, but acknowledged that conditions in the prisons were difficult, attributing this to a lack of capacity.
Human Rights Watch said foreign governments may be complicit in their nationals’ unlawful detention, which if part of a systematic policy could amount to a “crime against humanity”.
“When people kill people in Britain, they are put on trial, it goes under the system of justice. But here, why not? Why don’t you bring us to trial?” Raza said before a prison guard slammed the door shut, declaring the visit over.
Baderkhan Ahmad contributed to this report from north-east Syria
